英语独立主格结构说明

  一、独立主格结构的特点

  独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点:

  (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。

  (2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

  (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

  二、独立主格结构的用法

  它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

  (1) 作时间状语

  The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。

  (2) 作条件状语

  Weather permitting(=If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

  (3) 作原因状语

  An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

  (4) 作伴随状语

  He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。

  (5) 表补充说明

  A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来,他的脸冻得通红。

  注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。

  三、使用独立主格结构的注意事项

  (1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:

  After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下课后,学生很快离开了课室。

  (2) 在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略:

  a. 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:

  It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。

  b. 在There being+名词的结构中。如:

  There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。

  (3) 在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:

  Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。

  (比较with的复合结构:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. )

  (4) 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如:

  The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。

  (比较动名词复合结构:The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised. )

  (5) 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时,可用完成时,表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如:

  The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。

  Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到,他的老板非常失望。